Caracterização da secreção cutânea do anfíbio Trachycephalus nigromaculatus e investigação da atividade antimicrobiana

Abstract

Trachycephalus nigromaculatus is a helmeted treefrog belonging to the Hylidae family, distinguished by its cranial apparatus adapted for phragmosis, a unique defense strategy. Its skin is notable for the abundance of poison glands, playing a crucial role in resistance against predators and pathogens in its natural habitat. However, the chemical composition of the venom and the effects of exposure to cutaneous secretion in humans and animals remain poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize the cutaneous secretion, assess its toxic effects, and explore the antimicrobial activity of Trachycephalus nigromaculatus secretion. We employed chromatographic analyses, SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry to identify the fractions of cutaneous secretion. The cell-inflammatory-epithelial interaction was examined through intravital microscopy, while the impact on cell viability was evaluated using the MTT assay. Antimicrobial activity was tested in vitro against S. aureus, S. coli, and C. albicans. Results revealed a complex mixture in T. nigromaculatus cutaneous secretion, with proteins ranging from 8.5 to 77 kDa. Noteworthy components include hyaluronidase, peroxiredoxin-6, and the toxin anntoxin. MALDI- TOF analysis indicated an abundant presence of peptides. Low concentrations (1μg/mL) of the secretion exhibited significant cytotoxic activity (76%) against VERO cells. In intravital microscopy, the secretion (3 μg and 30 μg) displayed relevant toxic activity, causing loss of elasticity, edema, infiltration, and hemorrhagic points, preventing the experiment's continuation after 2 hours of injection. Within 24 hours, signs of necrosis and infiltration were evident, accompanied by an increase in adhered and migrated cells. These effects were observed within just 5 minutes of topical application. Inhibition of microbial growth was observed in crude secretion against S. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans. At least half of the fractions tested by HPLC exhibited relevant activity. Antimicrobial activity was particularly effective against gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (S. coli), demonstrating notable antifungal action against C. albicans. These results are significant as they represent the first description of the antimicrobial activity of T. nigromaculatus cutaneous

secretion, highlighting substantial inhibition against fungi. Furthermore, this study provides the first detailed description of the biochemical content of cutaneous secretion, revealing a unique composition of compounds inducing notable toxic effects both in vivo and in vitro. These findings, coupled with the distinctive cranial apparatus of this species, reinforce its efficacy as an efficient defense mechanism.